A Woman s Leadership Style - 1305 Words

The table above illustrates that women’s economic security is directly linked to their family income, which includes earnings from jobs, but women tend to be concentrated in fields that lead to jobs with low wages. In 2013, 14.5% of women ages 18 years old and older had family incomes that placed them below the federal poverty line, compared with 11% of men (Smilowitz, 2015). It is proven that there is a great disparity throughout the different regions of the United States. The modern-day female has to work as hard as males to deserve any type of respect or appreciation, but at the same time motherhood responsibilities stayed the same. It is believed that biologically females are more sensitive, emotional and self-critical than men†¦show more content†¦A thought leader is a person who is willing to harness the power of ideas to actualize change. A new idea is an opportunity to bring an example of shift, which may provide a new lens for viewing a different framework for understanding. A courageous leader is a person who bravely pursues a vision in the face of considerable opposition and risks. They have strong convictions about their mission, their vision and values. They are the type of leader who is willing to speak up and fight for their values even if what they believe contradicts the norms of everyone else. An inspirational leader is a person who is willing to promote change by the power of their passionate commitment to ideas. Their words and demeanor strengthen the conviction of their employees and motivate them into action. This type of leader continuously has a positive attitude and are constantly creating a strong emotional connection with their employees. Finally, servant leaders are people who care deeply about other people. They are constantly seeking to remove the barriers and obstacles that hold other back from achieving their full potential. They are leaders who attract followers and motivate people to change. These types of leaderships are never the same and there is not one type of leader which is better than the other one. The leader’s main concern is to make a difference within their company and to demonstrate that they are not afraid of being

Cultural and Linguistic Diversity Issues in Education Essay

Teaching is a very rewarding career if you learn and understand how to work with the diversity of the classrooms we teach in. As teachers, we need to be more vigilant of where are students come from. Before we can teach we need to know who we are teaching and what background, knowledge, and customs they bring with them to the classroom. We must also be aware of the factors that are relevant to the academic achievement of the students we currently teach. There are many of these factors, but I want to focus on two; teacher quality and low teacher expectations. According to Bennett and colleagues, â€Å"There is extensive evidence suggesting that students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds experience poorer education†¦show more content†¦These are two factors I am currently trying to work on and improve as I continue with my first year of teaching. Teachers have seen that there is an increase of diversity in their classrooms. As teachers, we need to learn how to work with the different ethnicity and backgrounds we interact with every day. Many of these students are underrepresented in certain areas of education, while other students are overrepresented in certain areas as well. The two racial/ethnic groups I want to focus on are Hispanic or Latino students and Asian/Pacific Islanders. From experience, working in different districts where there has been an increase of Latino students in the classrooms as well as my own experience in my education I can see where Latino students can be overrepresented as well as underrepresented. I want to focus on what I experienced, which also reminded me as I read the chapter on cultural and linguistic diversity by Nicole Patton Terry and Miles Anthony Irving. From my experience, and experience of students I worked with, when parents fill out registration forms for school in elementary and are asked what language they speak at home. Parents who pick other languages other than English, their students are automatically placed in ESL or ELL program at their school. Some schools handle this differently. There are school who will pull the students often from the classroom, which was my case growing up. AtShow MoreRelatedFostering English Mastery within a Linguistically Diverse Cultural Landscape1425 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistic diversity has become a divisive issue in the American political landscape. As Wolfram points out, the politics of linguistics necessitates a knowledgeable response rooted in research and pedagogical practice. When addressing the needs of a linguistically diverse population, it becomes crucial to examine the ways that education is failing to help students acquire language mastery and also failing to train teachers properly in English language instruction. 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Corporate Law for Phoenix Activity in Australia- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Law for Phoenix Activity in Australia. Answer: Phoenix refers to the mythical creature which is reborn from the ashes of its own old body upon death. Going by the analogy, phoenix activity describes such a new business which is reborn from the ashes of its defunct business. This contains a range of different activities and practices; though, it mostly contains a director cycle production business assets from different companies where a deliberate attempt is made towards avoidance of liabilities from the trade creditors and tax (Margret and Peck, 2014). The ASIC, i.e., the Australian Securities and Investment Commission has described phoenix activity as such conduct which meets a particular set criteria. When an entity fails to pay its debts; acts in a way where the unsecured creditors are intentionally denied equal access to the assets of the entity for meeting its outstanding debts; and in a period of one year, a different business is initiated where some or all of the assets of the previous business and the same is controlled by the parties which are related to the directors or management of the previous entity (Taylor David, 2014). Phoenix activities are not beneficial for the society. This is because it is such an activity, whereby for the benefit of a few, a huge group of people, including different stakeholders are impacted. This is particularly true because such activities are undertaken for fraudulent purpose, where the theme is to be benefited by indulging in activities which harm different people. Society contains the employees and creditors which are majorly harmed as their debts and rightful earnings are never paid in such cases. Further, by costing the nation millions of dollars, the economy is affected, the impact of which is ultimately born by the society. The purpose of indulging in phoenix activities stems from the fact that it is too easy and lucrative, along with being cheap and largely invisible. By using phoenix activities, the directors or the management of the old company are able to evade their liabilities and continue the business merely by forming a new company, whilst making use of the assets of the old company (Oakes and Clark, 2017). There can always be more than one purpose of indulging in such activities which includes accumulation of debts without having the intention of repaying these debts and even liquidating for the purpose of avoiding the debt repayment. Through the adoption of phoenix activities, the individuals involved in such activities are also able to obtain tax benefits (Australian Government, 2009). By indulging in phoenix activity, a certain segment of individuals are able to benefit, but the majority looses from such activities. The benefit in case of phoenix activities is to the management and directors of the old company, who form the new company, by using the assets of the old company. This is because they are able to use the assets of the old company in their new company, which saves costs which would have to incur otherwise. Secondly, they are able to evade their liabilities which were born due to the debts of the old company, towards the creditors, tax department and the different stakeholder groups. The people who have to bear loss or who are affected by such phoenix activities in a negated manner are higher, than the ones who benefit from it. The Productivity Commission report of 2015 showed that there were around two thousand to six thousand phoenix companies in the nation, which was costing the nation around A$1.8 billion to A$3.2 billion per annum (Productivity Commission, 2015). Based on the Senate Economics References Committee, illegal phoenix activity was a problem for the countrys economy and a major culture of disregarding the law was being followed (The Conversation, 2016). The tax revenues are also affected in a detrimental manner due to major unpaid tax liabilities (Anderson, Ramsay and Welsh, 2016). Apart from the economy of the nation, there are different stakeholders who are negatively affected by such activities. And it can be fairly stated that the illegal phoenix activities have unfair and far reaching consequences. The employees are included in the stakeholder group affected by such illegal phoenix activities. This is because the employees not only lose their wages/ salary but also lose all their entitlements, which they had rightfully earned. The next stakeholder group which is affected by such activities are the creditors, the majority of whom are small businesses, as they are left with their debts being unpaid. The contractors who had contracted with the old company are also affected as the promise made under the contract remains unfulfilled. Hence, the fraudulent phoenix activities adversely affect the creditors, employees, contractors and the public revenue (Anderson et al, 2017a). Even though phoenix activities have been covered under parliamentary inquires, reports and papers, the term phoenix activity has not been specifically defined under the Corporations Act. The Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) had been recently amended by the Phoenixing Act for giving the discretionary power to the ASIC for winding up a company which has been abandoned if certain circumstances are established. These situations have been covered under section 489 EA of the Corporations Act (WIPO, 2015). The Regulatory Guide 242 has been issued by ASIC which broadly explains the circumstances in which the power could be exercised under Corporation Acts Part 5.4C. In case a company is ordered to be wound up pursuant to section 489 EA, a liquidator has to be appointed for winding up the company affairs and for distributing the companys property (Boss Lawyers, 2017). Even though the corporate law regime of the nation does not define or penalize fraudulent phoenix activities, the directors who are involved in such activities can be made liable. So, a director could be held in breach of different duties like the duty of good faith, use of information or position, and duty of not incurring debts when the company is insolvent (Cassidy, 2006). Such activities could also contain voidable transactions or could lead to breach of provisions covered under Part 5.8A of the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth), which are aimed at protecting the entitlements of the employees (Martin, 2007). Under section 181 of the Corporations Act, 2001, it is the duty of directors of the company to use their powers and undergo their obligations in a manner which depicts good faith, is for proper purpose and in companys best interest (ICNL, 2017). Section 182 and 183 impose duty for use of position and information of the company, respectively (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). When the directors indulge in such activities, they do not work in the best interest of the old company and they use the information and position of the old company, for the benefit of the old company. Further, the best interest of the old company is also not kept as the assets of this old company are used to benefit the new company (Martin, 2007). Owing to these actions of the directors, they can be disqualified pursuant to section 206D of this act and can be disqualified from being the director of any company, for a period decided by the court (Latimer, 2012). The director duties are also breached for indulging in insolvent trading pursuant to section 588G (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). This is because the phoenix activities are used when the company nears insolvency or is already insolent and the directors allow the company to continue incurring debts to the creditors, owing to the intention of winding up the company before making the repayment. This gives the creditors the option of making action against the rouge directors (Martin, 2007). ASIC v Somerville Ors [2009] NSWSC 934 was one of the cases where the disqualification order was successfully attained by the ASIC against the legal advisor of the company due to presence of phoenix activity. The defendant was the solicitor who incorporated the legal practice which was advised by the directors of the company who were facing financial difficulties. The reason for holding the defendant liable was due to the fact that he gave the advice to restructure the company even when he was aware of the formation of new company when the trade of the old company had not been ceased (Mullette, 2009). Due to these reasons, a disqualification order of six years was passed against the defendant (Anderson et al, 2017a). In July 2015, the ASIC endorsed different provisions in its Productivity Inquiry as supplementary submission into the setting up, transfers and closure of businesses. This was due to the fact that section 596AB which was meant to stop people from indulging in such activities had limited effectiveness. And also that bringing actions against the directors could prove to be a costly affair. And with this the phoenix prohibitions were introduced (Anderson et al, 2017b). The phoenix prohibitions do not capture the sophisticated phoenix arrangements where the transfer of assets is not included. Though, the position of the ASIC, regarding the creation of the phoenix prohibition does not seem to be consistent in its entirety. It had been identified in the productivity commission report that the director duties are under utilized in the phoenix context and the same is the story of insolvent trading provisions. Even though insolvent trading attracts civil penalties, section 596AB, containing criminal provisions, could only be enforced by the ASIC (Paolini, 2014). So, the criminal conviction can be more difficult than enforcement of the civil provisions. This is due to the fact that for criminal conviction, there is a need to establish elements of mens rea, along with giving such proof which established the claim beyond reasonable doubts (Anderson et al, 2017b). So, the question here is, are the phoenix prohibitions really the solution? The notion of specific phoenix prohibitions is quite appealing. This is because such prohibitions send educative message to the controllers and advisors of the company and even has the potential of increasing the commitment towards compliance. This is due to three distinctive factors, i.e., normative, social and calculative. The first category of people is internally motivated to comply owing to their moral reasoning. So, when phoenix prohibitions are introduced, such people would follow it as they cannot be immoral or do something which is undesirable. Such individuals who are motivated owing to the social factors would have the need of being respected and approved by their peers. So, they would want to avoid reputational damages and negative publicity which could take place from the contravention of these prohibitions. And the ones who are motivated through calculative factors would always take into conside ration the costs of compliance and the chances of a wrong done being detected (Anderson et al, 2017b). And yet, there is not much conviction in these prohibitions and the arguments in favor of these prohibitions are not very convincing. There would be clear difficulty in drafting a legislative provision which is more specific in comparison to the present director duties which could properly cover the different and complex manifestations under such activities. In case such a provision is proposed which deals with externally discernible facts risks, would become very complex, and would be full of loopholes. So, the need is to penalize the wrongdoing, instead of penalizing the situation in which the same took place (Anderson et al, 2017b). The need here is not to bring out additional complexity to the laws which govern the unlawful phoenix activities at the present, and instead, the need is to strengthen the profit stripping and compensation remedies, in addition to the imposition of punitive penalties which are present for the contravention of the director duties. Through adoption of such proposal, the dual function would be served as the ASIC would be incentivized and the private litigants would be using the breach provisions more often due to the chance of gaining more from the enforcement actions; and it would also deter the illegal phoenix operators owing to the fact that they would lose a higher amount being engaged in phoenix activity (Anderson et al, 2017b). There is a need to adopt an alternative to the phoenix prohibitions. This is to improve upon the current provisions, instead of bringing out an additional burden. There is a need to seek sanctions for the breach of director duties. There is a need to introduce major penalties, along with the need to couple the losses born from such activities and the financial gain attained to be used to compensate the ones who had to bear such losses, and also increasing the costs of non-compliance for the directors. Though, this requires and effective enforcement mechanism particularly with regards to the director duties. There is also a need to enhance the frequency of enforcement actions by the ASIC. And this is where the law needs to be amended so as to send a key message to the enforcers and the miscreants (Anderson et al, 2017b). As highlighted in the previous segment, there is a need to bring out changes in the current law by imposing higher penalties. In this regard, there is also a need for structuring of the phoenix prohibitions or offences in a manner, so as to include such penalties. There is a need to include the provisions of Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) into the phoenix prohibitions and to oversee that these are strictly applied. In this regard, three sections are prominent: Section 192F which deals with the intention to defraud by destruction or concealment of accounting records; Section 192G which deals with the intention to defraud by using or making false or misleading statement; and Section 192H which deals with the intention to deceive the creditors or the members by using or making false or misleading statement of officer of the organization (NSW Legislation, 2017). There is an immediate need of expanding the reach of compensation orders which are awarded by the court under section 1317H. This has to be done in a manner so that the compensation orders include accounts of profits orders and possibly a compensation of these two. So, the court could order the liable person to compensate for the damages suffered, along with a civil penalty and could also include the profits made by indulging in phoenix activities. The liable party also needs to include the controlled beneficiary person and the involved beneficiary person. And the damages to cover the diminution of the property and the profits made (Anderson et al, 2017b). Apart from this, there is a need to increase the relevant criminal, as well as, civil penalties. Under the present laws, the maximum pecuniary penalty which can be awarded for breaching the director duties is $200,000. However, there is a need to understand that these penalties were drawn back in 1993; and with the inflation, there is a need to adjust these. There is a need to raise this limit so as to actually be significant enough so that the imposition of it greatly affects the offenders. Similarly, the present criminal penalty units for this breach also need to be brought up. There is a need to structure all these properly in the phoenix prohibition for it to be successful (Anderson et al, 2017b). References Anderson, H., Ramsay, I., and Welsh, M. (2016) Illegal phoenix activity: Quantifying its incidence and cost. [Online] Melbourne Law School. Available from: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/2070363/Anderson,-H,-Ramsay,-I,-and-Welsh,-M,-Illegal-Phoenix-Activity-Quantifying-Its-Incidence-and-Cost-2016-24-Insolv-LJ-95.pdf [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Anderson, H., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M., and Hedges, J. (2017a) Phoenix Activity. [Online] Melbourne Law School. Available from: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/2274131/Phoenix-Activity-Recommendations-on-Detection-Disruption-and-Enforcement.pdf [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Anderson, H., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M., and Hedges, J. (2017b) Illegal Phoenix Activity: Is A Phoenix Prohibition The Solution?. [Online] Griffith University. Available from: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/2271613/Anderson-et-al,-Illegal-Phoenix-Activity-Is-a-Phoenix-Prohibition-the-Solution-2017-Company-and-Securities-Law-Journal-forthcoming.pdf [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ [Accessed on: 20/08/17] Australian Government. (2009) Action against fraudulent phoenix activity. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://archive.treasury.gov.au/documents/1647/PDF/Phoenix_Proposal_Paper.pdf [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Boss Lawyers. (2017) What is Phoenix Activity? [Online] Boss Lawyers. Available from: https://www.bosslawyers.com.au/phoenix-activity/ [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 20/08/17] ICNL. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 20/08/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Margret, J.E., and Peck, G. (2014) Fraud in Financial Statements. Oxon: Routledge. Martin, A. (2007) Directors' Duties and Phoenix Companies. [Online] Allens Arthur Robinson. Available from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/pdf/insol/pap4apr07.pdf [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Mullette, S. (2009) Phoenix Rising - Advisors to directors of phoenix company burned. [Online] Bartier Perry Lawyers. Available from: https://www.bartier.com.au/insights/phoenix-rising-advisors-to-directors-of-phoenix-company-burned/ [Accessed on: 23/08/17] NSW Legislation. (2017) Crimes Act 1900 No 40. [Online] NSW Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1900/40 [Accessed on: 20/08/17] Oakes, D., and Clark, S. (2017) Phoenixing companies too easy and lucrative in Australia, new report finds. [Online] ABC News. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-24/phoenixing-companies-too-easy-in-australia/8301638 [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Paolini, A. (2014) Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. Productivity Commission. (2015) Business Set-up, Transfer and Closure. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/business/report/business.pdf [Accessed on: 23/08/17] Taylor David. (2014) What is Phoenix Activity? [Online] Taylor David. Available from: https://www.taylor-david.com/news/what-is-phoenix-activity [Accessed on: 23/08/17] The Conversation. (2016) Illegal phoenix activity is costing us billions heres how it could be stemmed. [Online] The Conversation. Available from: https://theconversation.com/illegal-phoenix-activity-is-costing-us-billions-heres-how-it-could-be-stemmed-65335 [Accessed on: 23/08/17] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 20/08/17]

Race Relations during the Progressive Era

The progressive era is a period covering the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century (Kirby 2). During this period, Americans faced a lot of problems. The need to solve the problems led to the emergence of pro-reform groups. These groups had been labeled populists just before the beginning of the progressive era. The progressive era was characterized by agitation for social, political, economic, and legal reforms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Race Relations during the Progressive Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this era, the American constitution was amended several times to accommodate the reforms. Political debate revolved around the need for reforms. However, these reforms did not immediately reach all sections of the American society that needed to be reformed. For instance, racial relations continued to be strained. This paper will examine racial relations in America during the progressive era. Racial relations received little attention during the progressive period. As the reformers agitated for social reforms, the gains that had been made with regard to racial relations appeared to deteriorate. The abolition of slave trade had ushered in a new era in America. The progressive era coincided with the era of great immigration into the United States of America. Some reformers were not comfortable with the idea of maintaining an open door policy to immigrants. They proposed a careful selection of the immigrants by the government to reduce the possibility of immigrants outbreeding the native whites. Majority of the immigrants during this period were of Italian, Slavic, and Asian descent. The proponents of racial selection thought that these races were inferior. They feared that immigrants could adapt more easily to urban life than the ‘native’ whites. Therefore, vetting would ensure that only a few immigrants entered America. Blacks and the so cal led colored people did not obtain a lot of benefits from the reforms. It was during this era that some controversial laws were enforced in some states. The Jim Crow laws allowed racial segregation. In this arrangement, black people were to be separated from white people. This meant that black people attended separate schools, visited separate hospitals, and travelled in separate buses from the ones used by white people (Washington 380). This was worsened by a court ruling that upheld the laws. The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was not a big problem as long as all races were accorded equal opportunities. This meant that African Americans could not get good jobs. In addition, black people were often attacked or lynched especially in the southern states during the era (Kirby 70). During the era, black people were not granted equal opportunity to participate in national politics. This significantly hindered their ability to better themselves.Advertising Looking for es say on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reforms were intended to solve problems that slowed progress. The major problems that progressives sought to solve included poverty, illness, and ignorance. However, these problems could only be solved if all members of the American society were granted equal access to opportunities. Denying African Americans and immigrants of certain races equal opportunity meant that these problems would persist in a section of the American society. Therefore, the so called progressive era did not have a significant impact on members of the ‘lesser races’. This paper examined racial relations during the progressive era. During this era, reformers desired to solve problems inflicting the American society. Some Americans like African Americans were not given sufficient opportunity to better themselves during this period. Works Cited Kirby, Jack,  Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Re form in the Progressive South, Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott, 1972. Print. Washington, Booker, A New Negro For a New Century, Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing, 1969. Print. This essay on Race Relations during the Progressive Era was written and submitted by user Gibson A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom California Politics essay

buy custom California Politics essay Governing the country is an extremely responsible process that comprises not only numerous rights and privileges, but also a broad spectrum of obligations. The need to balance between these two edges and to meet all the expectations of the population at the same time is one of the most complicated tasks that governors encounter. Relishing their high position, they often forget about primary purpose for which people elect them, which often serves as the ground for the majority of political crises in the world as it provokes distrust and, thus, the desire to control the government and influence the decisions making process. The discordance of thoughts and interests results in the governments inability of assessing the situation objectively and reacting the significant challenges appropriately. The paper aims at analyzing the crisis of California politics from the point of both modern aspects and the historical legacy that are crucial precursors for the current situation. Five Elements of the California Politics Crisis The phrase California Dream becomes the symbol of the state and implies the prosperity and happiness. However, there are a lot of significant problems in California despite the evident progress regarding certain number of issues. The legislative paradoxes are the biggest challenge the states government dealth with in the latest years. Thus, one can underline the five elements of Californias crisis: two-thirds requirement for changing the taxes, safe-seat reapportionment, terms limits, the absence of the unanimity on significant issues, and an easy way for passing the initiatives (Anagnoson et.al. 4). Legislative paradox related to budget and level of taxes is the most crucial issue in both political and economic concerns. In order to make the passing of the budget easier voters replaced the requirement of two-third votes on fifty percents and one. However, the previous two-third requirement remains actual for changing the level of taxes. Taking into account that the budget is inextricably connected with the taxes, nobody can balance it without appropriate correlatin of the tax rate. The governors could solve this problem rather easily and quickly, if they reached consensus and avoided not use these legislative differences as the instrument for speculating on interests of separate groups. This second element of crisis is the main barrier for making progress because individual interests often ignore the common needs or even harm them, thus obstructing progressive changes. It should be mentioned that the process of lobbying the group ideas is rarely aimed at general prosperity but has rather opposite results. Progressive movement implemented the simplified process of both passing the initiatives as the democracy measure and increasing the level of public involvement in the countrys affairs. However, this initially good intention frequently transforms into substantial ground for abuses and realizing selfish ambitions. Term limits set for preventing the governors abuses with their positions became another precursor for the crisis. The limitation of the severest terms did not reduce the governors raising the funds for next campaign but, vice verse, strengthened it. Appart from that , the level of governments competence decreased because of the new less experienced members, which obviously had the influence on the quality of the legislative decision. That is why the voters trustfully changed this norm in 2012. The Safe-seat reapportionment is the fifth element of the California crisis that also does not allow the state to move towards the progressive changes. This legislative norm creates an opportunity for representatives who failed to meet voters expectations to stay in the government again and again only winning the 10 percent margin. There were the attempts to change this situation in 2008, but, they had poor effect. A few more ideas were proposed in order to deal with the five most significant issues. Besides the above mentioned realized measures, the following suggestions were made: the lowering of the required majority for changing tax rates, the restriction of the process of passing the initiatives and amending the constitution, instituting the puublic financing and decentralizing (Anagnoson et.al. 7). However, they also raise a lot of controversies concerning their enacting. The Progressive Movement California politics history is characterized by the long period of citizens distrust of the government that continued to become deeper each year. In order to reduce the social tension, the urgent need for changes appeared in society. At that time, the leaders of the Progressive movement created the set of reforms that became a turning points in the history of California. There were a lot of social, economic and political precursors for the situation which led to the transformations initiated by The Progressive movement. Thus, the roots of the movement are hidden in the need to resist the business influence on the politics and prosecute the corrupted politicians. These issues has always existed in California and became even acuter after the Civil War due to rapid industrialization. Funds concentrated in the hands of corporations provided them with the wealthy and new ways of influencing the government based on the monopoly. Hence, coping with these social and political phenomena and making the government more responsive to the social needs were the primary goals of the Progressive Movement. The set of reforms consisted of nonpartisanship, primary elections, block office ballot and direct democracy norms (Anagnoson et.al. 22). According to them the label of the party was not affixed to the name of candidates in the elections ballot. The party chose its representatives for the further election on the primary one. The block ballot that California uses today was also one of the norms The Progressive had passed. However, the last set of norms, known as direct democracy, had the biggest impact on the ways in which California politics are operating today. Thus, the opportunity of passing the initiatives and instruments of direct actions for voters, such as referendum and recall were the most decisive measures that had the long-term effect on the political and economic life of California. Buy custom California Politics essay

Vietnam War Escalation and Americanization

Vietnam War Escalation and Americanization The Vietnam war escalation began with the Gulf of Tonkin incident. On August 2, 1964, USS Maddox, an American destroyer, was attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats while conducting an intelligence mission. A second attack seemed have occurred two days later, though the reports were sketchy (It now appears that there was no second attack). This second â€Å"attack† led to US air strikes against North Vietnam and the passage of the Southeast Asia (Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution by Congress. This resolution permitted the president to conduct military operations in the region without a formal declaration of war and became the legal justification for escalating the conflict. Bombing Begins In retribution for the incident in the Gulf of Tonkin, President Lyndon Johnson issued orders for the systematic bombing of North Vietnam, targeting its air defenses, industrial sites, and transportation infrastructure. Beginning on March 2, 1965, and known as Operation Rolling Thunder, the bombing campaign would last over three years and would drop an average of 800 tons of bombs a day on the north. To protect US air bases in South Vietnam, 3,500 Marines were deployed that same month, becoming the first ground forces committed to the conflict. Early Combat By April 1965, Johnson had sent the first 60,000 American troops to Vietnam. The number would escalate to 536,100 by the end of 1968. In the summer of 1965, under the command of General William Westmoreland, US forces executed their first major offensive operations against the Viet Cong and scored victories around Chu Lai (Operation Starlite) and in the Ia Drang Valley. This latter campaign was largely fought by the 1st Air Cavalry Division which pioneered the use of helicopters for high speed mobility on the battlefield. Learning from these defeats, the Viet Cong seldom again engaged American forces in conventional, pitched battles preferring instead to resort to hit and run attacks and ambushes. Over the next three years, American forces focused on searching and destroying Viet Cong and North Vietnamese units operating in the south. Frequently mounting large-scale sweeps such as Operations Attleboro, Cedar Falls, and Junction City, American and ARVN forces captured large amounts of weapons and supplies but rarely engaged large formations of the enemy. Political Situation in South Vietnam In Saigon, the political situation began to calm in 1967, with the rise of Nguyen Van Theiu to the head of the South Vietnamese government. Theiu’s ascent to the presidency stabilized the government and ended a long series of military juntas that had administered the country since Diem’s removal. Despite this, the Americanization of the war clearly showed that the South Vietnamese were incapable of defending the country on their own.

Sustainability in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainability in construction - Essay Example For example, the UK national Grid has planned to cut domestic emissions by 45% by 2029, while the European Union countries are in agreement to harness more than 20% of their energy from renewable sources by 2020; U.K’s target is15% (Huang & Infield, 2002). In addition, Scotland and UK have plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 80% by 2050, and a proposed reduction of about 42% by 2020 to curb the climate change threat (Tecs Home Energy Survey Report, 2010). Therefore, as the two articles indicate, energy usage in both domestic and in industrial applications has led to an environmental threat that has been caused by increasing global warming, as a result of carbon emissions from fossil fuels. Jones in the article Reducing emissions through energy efficiency correctly articulates that energy usage in buildings contribute to almost half of carbon emissions in U.K. This is in line with the figures indicated by Tecs Home Energy Survey Report (2010). As Jones illustrates, the UK government has come up with different measures in trying to reduce carbon emissions in line with 2010 proposed emission reductions. ... tial stages of industrialization results from the increasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere; this has resulted in the continued climate change, with temperatures in the U.K expected to increase by between 2 to 3.5 degrees centigrade this century. Therefore the intergovernmental panel set up to address this issue according to this report suggested building codes and designs that would eliminate any need for mechanical cooling in homes, which has been attributed to considerable portion of global warming gases in the atmosphere. The report suggests a new perspective in building and construction on how buildings might have special features, which might be responsive to climate changes, and which anticipate and are in accordance with future climate trends. Likewise, Jones in Reducing emissions through energy efficiency concurs with this argument and asserts that energy demand has to be maintained to a minimum by adopting more responsible designs, and adopting the use of renewa ble energy sources. This would include minimizing uncontrolled air infiltration through effective designs, and adopting natural ventilations. Generally according to Jones, this may be only achieved through an integrated design team to ensure harmonization, and good interactions between the various disciplines involved in building designs. This is an effective approach in reducing domestic energy usage, noting that more than 46 % of energy usage in U.K is through air conditioning, heating, cooling, and other general usage that may be controlled through proper designs (TECs Home Energy Survey Report, 2010). However, the article thermal comfort in a 21st century Climate puts much emphasizes on the need to control energy through responsible use of energy by tenants. The article suggests the use

Persuasive memos Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Persuasive memos - Coursework Example These are the people who do the rudimentary work in the company for free. Yes, you read it right, the interns do all their work for free. That is because PME offers them the chance to gain valuable on the job training and work experience credit in exchange for the work that they do for the company. I believe that we can use the same template the PME uses for hiring its interns in order to help our corporation grow its client base while also mining the marketing and public relations field for the best soon to be graduates whom we can employ after they graduate. That is the same end result that PME has with their interns and I am sure that we too can make the benefits of hiring interns work for us as well here at Marketing Plus. As you can tell, the biggest difference between a regular employee and an intern is the fact that an intern need not do work that a regular employee can do. However, they can assist in the process and thus be trained for the job. This will prove that we do not benefit directly from the work done by an intern. As colleges and universities these days mandate that college students not be paid for interning, we are in the clear regarding the financial remuneration question. Although we can tell them that they can apply for a position at the company upon graduation, as long as we do not assure them that the internship is equivalent for guaranteed future hiring, we will not have violated any labor laws either. Hiring an intern will bring our cost of hiring contractual employees or outsourcing certain job requirements down. Our company will be able to balance the budget and overcome our ever expanding budget deficit by using interns to do the same jobs around the office. It is a win - win situation for everyone involved. Interns today are seen by most companies as a set of people whom they can hire for jobs that regular employees can do. But they do not want to

Aida Play Analysis Essay Example for Free

Aida Play Analysis Essay The musical Aida was written by Auguste Mariette based on Giuseppe Verdis Italian-language opera. 2nd Flight Productions using the stage at Chantilly High School performed the musical. The musical was based on the legend of Aida, the Nubian princess who was captured as a slave to Radames, the captain of Egypt. The performance is divided into two acts and it started with Radames fianci , Amneris, as a statue during the present times in a museum. The museum displayed a tomb with the carvings of a man and a woman buried together. Amneriss statue begins to sing and tells the tale behind the tomb. The set for the museum was sufficiently constructed for the story. The tomb was realistic and the background sets of Egyptian writing were appropriate to the feeling and style. However, at first it was difficult to grasp who Amneris was when she sang because she was position center right and maybe a little down right of the stage. There were no other props that clearly indicated that she was part of the museum and that she was a statue. There was a back narrow parallel platform that elevated her separate from the ground. The ensemble members were the museum tourists observing the artifacts. However they were on the ground level and there were no indications of them acknowledging her as a fellow artifact of the museum. Throughout the play, Aida is a strong character who deeply cares about her people. In the plot she hides her identity as the Nubian Princess to save her people. The actress did an amazing job portraying those characteristics. Her voice was powerful and so phenomenal that each song she sung moved me. Every emotion she evoked moved the audience through her acting and her singing. There was moment where the actress belted out a song that described the struggles of being a princess of Nubia. Her body language was like a building wearing away and her facial expressions revealed pain and sorrow. Another moment that was very effective was when she finally accepted her love for Radames. Her body language was playful, her voice was light and her facial expression was soft and more youthful. She was the best and most excellent actress in the play. The lighting had its good effects and bad effects. During serious moments, the lighting was used well and isolated the light towards the main characters. However, when the music became lively, the lighting was in all different colors, similar to a disco lighting, which I found unnecessary and sloppy for a historical musical. The costuming was decent as well but I expected more from a community theatre company. The costumes would be acceptable for a high school production but not a community one. The slave clothes were fine and tattered; however, the fabric was new and it appeared new from stage. Since the setting is in historical times, the fabric must invoke that. The costume for Aida throughout the play was in a shiny fabric that was glittery. This was an anachronism since the setting, again, is in historical times. The ensemble was probably the poorest aspect of the play. In every act they were in, they were never in synch with each other. No one seemed to listen or hear each other. The ensembles made careless mistakes with their hands fidgeting, their eyes not focused and the acting did not seem like acting. In acting, the actor must have a purpose or goal to evoke good acting; however the ensemble did not do that. They moved around with unmotivated movement. Their dance, however, was stronger than their acting. At times they were no in synch but they did decent on their dances. I wished that the ensemble danced with more diverse movements. The dances seemed a little parallel and conformed to the same movements at times. The ensemble men were Radames soldiers in the beginning and did a dance routine that had the characteristics of a march. The performance of the ensemble however, was poor. Their entire routine was not in synch and it was sloppy. In order to portray as soldiers, they should have had more cut and dry movements that were sharp and strict. However, they performed as if they were relaxed and bored. It was more of a casual walk than a march. Towards the end the soldiers did an impressive break dance when the song lifted from its austere melody, however I found it unnecessary. Overall the musical was satisfactory as a community musical. The background music was appropriate, the main actors were excellent in portraying their characters and the songs were sung on key. Although there were many errors in setting, and ensemble members, the director succeeded in telling and portraying the story of Aida in a reasonable fashion.

Stem Cells Essay -- Biology Science Stem Cell Research Essays

Stem cells are a large focus of study in today’s biomedical world. They are cells that exist in an undifferentiated state, and transform into differing tissue types depending on what the cells surrounding them are. The different types of stem cells have the ability to repair many classes of damaged human tissue. However, only one type of stem cell promises to regenerate virtually any class of tissue. This is the highly controversial embryonic stem cell (ESC). Unfortunately, there is a dark side to the ESC. To obtain these cells from embryos will ultimately kill it. By definition, the acquisition of the ESC includes performing an abortion. This has created a great stir in the public world, where abortion is such a hot topic that politicians are hesitant to take either side. The embryonic stem cell is today’s Pandora’s Box. With this option now available in the medical world, everyone involved with this topic must make a difficult ethical decision: whether or not saving existing life is worth the termination of potential future life. As expected, there are two sides to the stem cell argument. One side is all in favor of their use, and the other side is dead-set against it. Stem cells come at a high price, yet this price is well worth the saved lives they can offer. In order to develop an opinion on whether or not stem cells should be used, one first must understand what they are and how they are used. Simply stated, the definition of a stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, meaning that it has no true function yet. However, all of the genes within a human stem cell have the potential to become other types of cells. The triggering mechanism for this is for the stem cells to be placed among specialized cells. Specialized cells include skin cells, muscle cells, or any other type of cell that has a specific function in the body. One of the most popular examples—and one of the most effective—is the neuron example. This was originally discovered at the University of Madison at Wisconsin in 1997. In the disease Multiple Scleroses, the myelin sheath protecting the neuron is missing. In the absence of myelin to protect the neuron, pain is a constant sensation. Researchers at UMW gathered a group of mice, which were genetically deficient of myelin. When the undifferentiated embryonic cells were implanted into their spines, the cells were able to sense that the myeli... ...he medical world wishes to be able to repair damage within the human body. While it is true that obtaining stem cells destroys life, the benefit to the greater good greatly outweighs the destruction of potential life resulting from a fertilized egg. With an infinite supply of stem cells from just a few lines, all defective tissues can be replaced. Those working in the medical world can greatly improve the quality of human life. With stem cells used in general practice in hospitals, people will live longer, healthier, lives. Many diseases would be completely eradicated, and injuries would cease to be crippling to so many people. However, only when scientists and doctors fully understand how to implement the embryonic stem cell, can all this happen. With funding and support for just a handful more stem cell lines, the medical world could be supplied with an infinite number of stem cells to cure patients. When doctors have all of the lines they need, then they can cease destroying e mbryos to obtain the stem cells they require. The biological world and the field of stem cells specifically, require the support of the federal government as well as the people to make this possible.[/i]

Between Two Lamentations Essay

The â€Å"Lamentation of Christ† is one of the most popular subjects in the realm of Christian Art. It became extremely popular from the 11th century to the early 18th century, encompassing vast art periods from the Byzantine art period under the Medieval era of art, to the Baroque period of the Renaissance. Numerous works have been created, centering on this one scene that is of great import, not only to the Christian community but to the art world itself. One of the most popular scenes in Christian history, the Lamentations showcases Jesus Christ, brought down after just having died on the cross. His mother Mary is shown often with Jesus in her arms weeping and mourning the death of her son. Surrounding them are several other mourners, comprising of Christ’s friends and family. As it is also a popular episode in the life of Christ, it is also included in many depictions of the Life of Christ, a form of Christian art that serves as a narrative or an early form of sequential art that tells the story of Jesus Christ from his conception to his resurrection and ascension into Heaven. This led to many different artists coming up with different versions of the scene. The numerous renditions of the same scene, scattered from the 11th century to the 8th century, is a good way o gauge the development of art at a fixed period of time. One of the first few examples is a fresco in the Church of St. Panteleimon, a small Byzantine church in Macedonia. The painting was made by an anonymous artist, known only as â€Å"Meister von Nerezi† or â€Å"Master of Nerezi†. The piece, Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon, was done in 1164 which was the Middle Byzantine period. During the time, Christian art revolved around a strict set of rules which restricted many artistic ideas, and as the setting was that of the period of changes to the Byzantine style, the art for the Master of Nerezi’s Lamentation piece was something relatable to â€Å"Maniera Byzantina† (Lasareff 279). Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon (1164) Obvious within his work is the ability to evoke feelings of empathy and even sympathy from its beholders, perfectly capturing the essence of mourning and overall sadness of the scene. This despite the image’s adherence to the strict formal rules of Byzantine art. It also features a more definitive sense of emotion as opposed to other works of the era which tended to keep a more solemn depiction of things. Also of note is the Master of Nerezi’s composition of the piece, having Mary hold Jesus tightly, arms wrapped around the dead body, while a disciple bends over to hold his dead master’s hand to his face. The resulting placement of subjects evokes a spatial setting that proves schematic and well thought-out. Giotto’s â€Å"Lamentation† on the other hand, is a fresco showcased at the Arena Chapel in Padua, and is one of the most popular Lamentation pieces created. It too depicts the mourning of Jesus Christ, portraying him laid on the ground right after dying from his crucifixion, surrounded by friends and family, with Mary at his side, mourning and expressing great sadness in their faces. Giotto di Bondone, or simply Giotto, as he is more widely known, was a famous artist in the late Middle ages who specialized in painting and architecture. His works attributed to his being considered one of the first artists whose works led to the eventual birth of the Italian Renaissance, the period which signaled the end of the Medieval ages and gave rise to Early Modern Europe. The â€Å"Lamentation† is one of the best examples of his work, which was famous for the fuller, more three-dimensional style of painting that would only become more prominent in the Renaissance period, which wasn’t to become popular until around century after Giotto. (Webmuseum 2010) â€Å"The Lamentation† (1305 – 1306) Dating back to around 1305 – 1306, Giotto’s work on the†Lamentation† featured Christ being held by Mary, Jesus Christ’s mother, at the head, and possibly Mary Magdalene at the feet as the woman is shown with red hair and Mary Magdalene is known to have washed Jesus’ feet. In terms of the painting’s composition, Giotto focused on the sad scene of mourning in the lower left area, having Jesus and Mary framed by the six other people who are seemingly spaced appropriately to bing the viewer’s attention to the Mother and Son. Surrounding them are disciples of the fallen savior, as well as hallowed saints – all of them in mourning, effectively conveying the overall mood of sadness about the image. Immediately behind the gathered crowd is a scraggly rock mound – its sharp, downward line leading to the images focal point of Jesus and Mary. Above them are angels, flying around with sad,mourning, grieving faces, their figures notably foreshortened to denote a deeper, more three-dimensional feel to the piece. Looking back at the fresco done by the Master of Nerezi, the Italo-Byzantine style of art is still most obviously definitive in his work: basically two-dimensional whilst combining elements of the Byzantine art style with those of the natural world, the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon features a flat-looking image which is iconic in its nature. Done during the Comnene Dynasty of rule which lasted from 1025-1204, the Master of Nerezi’s Lamentation was timely as due to the Comnenans being staunch supporters of the arts, the general art direction went towards the depiction of emotions, with themes such as the Lamentation and the Virgin and Child being among the most popular of the day. Whereas Giotto’s work was done as a part of a series depicting the Life of Christ, which was part of the Arena Chapel whose interiors were decked with frescoes by Giotti. It was finished in 1306, during that time when the Byzantine style of art was still somewhat prevalent among artists. Considering the relative gap between the creation of the two Lamentation pieces, it isn’t surprising to find that there is a huge difference between the two art styles used – where one used a more traditional Byzantine style of flatness while the other utilized a more realistic and natural mode which was at the time, a style of the artist’s own – but considering that at the time of Giotti’s work, the style used by the Master of Nerezi was still what was of standard, then it denotes a significant leap forward in the art medium. Both pieces being of the same topic which is the Death of Jesus Christ, the overall theme of sadness and mourning over a death is reflected effectively by means of expressing emotion on the faces of the characters as depicted by their frowns and sad eyes and faces. Their postures are also indicative of the plight they are going through in the image. Also common is the disciple leaning in to meet his master’s hand,hence the posture of bending over, creating a line that leads to the point within the image wherein Mary keeps her face close to the dead Christ. In the case of the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon, despite being tied to the art style of the Byzantine times then which often featured religious pieces in symmetrical compositions, the image remains asymmetrical as is common in Lamentation pieces. Perhaps the major difference in terms of the subject matter for both images is that there are more characters in Giotto’s piece. Aside from Jesus’ friends family, and disciples who mourn by his side, in Giotto’s version, angels decked in bright colors are flying around above them, sobbing and weeping as well. In general, both paintings clearly get the message across to the beholders, and almost always evokes feelings of sadness and understanding from its onlookers as well. In summary, the analysis of the two paintings which are different renditions of two different artists on the same theme, gives a peek of what the development of art styles was at the time. From the Lamentation over the Dead Christ in the Church of St. Pantaleimon by the Master of Nerezi in 1164’s Byzantine style of art, to the groundbreaking realism and classicism as well as the incorporation of three-dimensional elements in Giotto’s â€Å"Lamentation,† it shows that art, like many other aspects of human culture and society, also develops at a rate that coincides with the development of humanity as a whole. Works Cited â€Å"History of Painting† History World 22 May 2010. http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories. asp Lasareff, Victor. â€Å"Early Italo-Byzantine Painting in Sicily. † The Burlington Magazine for Connoiseurs Vol. 63 No. 369 (1933) â€Å"Giotto di Bondone† Webmuseum 22 May 2010 http://www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/giotto/ â€Å"Arena Chapel† Britannica Encyclop? dia Online 22 May 2010 http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/33443/Arena-Chapel

Great Migration

Beginning 1910 and leading through the end of the 1920’s, a â€Å"Great Migration† took place int he United States where more than 2 million African Americans moved from the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West. Much of the movement was a response to the high levels of racism in the South as well as employment opportunities in the growing industrial cities. The results of this movement not only affected the current economic climate but also led to many changes that would continue to evolve for generations to come.This essay is designed to provide a deeper understanding of the migration in order to hopefully provide insight into much of the culture we encounter in today’s society. As we explore the deeper reasoning behind the sudden migration of African Americans to the more urbanized locations of America, we must first consider the increased level of racism in the South of this time. â€Å"The primary factor for migration was the racial clim ate and widespread violence of lynching in the South. †1 With the Jim Crow laws being in effect, much of the idea of â€Å"separate but equal† facilities for African Americans was terribly skewed. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. †2 Through these disadvantages, a higher level of oppression was then conveniently enforced on African Americans of the South including voting restrictions, separation of schools and job restrictions. During and World War 1, the industries of the North began to grow significantly due to the needs of the war.As industries grew, so did the job market. With the increase in job openings and the restrictions placed on immigration to the United States, blacks from the South found opportunity to escape the harsh economic climate of the South. Looking at the growth of the cities, a connect ion is made with the railroad locations. â€Å"People tended to take the cheapest rail ticket possible. This resulted in, for example, many people from Mississippi moving directly north to Chicago, from Alabama to Cleveland and Detroit, and Louisiana to California. 1 With this mass movement, came a huge cultural shift among African Americans. Having better opportunities in industries away from the failing farming market, fighting in the Great War, and forming new communities away from the more severely oppressive South brought about a level of pride in their black culture, much of this leading to riots and protesting among African American groups. Even before the war, African Americans had stepped up protests against discrimination.The NAACP â€Å"fought school segregation in Northern cities during the 1920s and lobbied hard, though unsuccessfully, for a federal anti-lynching bill. †3 With the continued growth of black pride, it soon found its cultural expression in the â₠¬Å"Harlem Renaissance–the first self-conscious literary and artistic movement in African American history. During the 1920s, Harlem became the capital of black America, attracting black intellectuals and artists from across the country and the Caribbean. Soon, the Harlem Renaissance was in full bloom. †3Because African American migrants maintained much of their Southern culture and speech patterns, such differences created a sense of â€Å"otherness† in terms of their acceptance by others who were living in the cities before them. â€Å"Stereotypes ascribed to â€Å"black† people during this period and ensuing generations often derived from African American migrants' rural cultural traditions, which were maintained in stark contrast to the urban environments in which the people resided. †1 Many of these stereotypes are known and enforced even in todays society showing the underlying effect of racism in a culture years down the road.The Great Migrati on’s effects on our culture both political, economic and sociologically have effected much of where we are today. In hopes of branching even further from our tainted past, we must learn from it. â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. â€Å"4 -George Santayana Sources: 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American) 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws 3. http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=443 4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_Santayana

The Doll House essays

The Doll House essays When The Doll House was written in 1879, the world was still completely in the clutches of many horrific gender stereotypes. Women in particular were confined to very narrow roles, and were thought to be incapable of anything outside the scope of those roles. The Helmer household was founded upon these stereotypes, and as we eventually see, could not stand without them. Women were raised to believe that their place was in the home. Their primary functions were to cook, clean, bear children, maintain a nice home, and adorn themselves accordingly. In Noras case, her main function is to keep up the facade of a beautiful, happy home. On the other hand, men were raised to finance the whole charade. Husbands went to work every day, dealt with all of the harsh realities of the world, and brought home a paycheck. Helmer comes home every day to the comfort and entertainment provided by Nora, and that is the only way he knows that a marriage can be. Nora, however, knows that she is capable of more. When she was informed that her husbands life was in danger, she took a great financial burden upon herself. Although this was an act of love, Nora cant tell Helmer that she did it. Helmer is a firm believer that women have no understanding of financial matters, and would have been made to feel like less of a man if he knew that his life was indebted to his squirrel, Nora. That perhaps Nora knows more about money than how to spend it never enters Helmers head. He assumes that Nora is just a pretty little featherhead. Instead of treating her like an equal partner in their marriage, he treats her as an ornament and a child. Nora feeds into the illusion, of course, because part of her role as a wife is to ensure that her husband feels in charge, and secure in his manhood. She asks for his guidance and approval in the most trivial of matters, even when she needs ...

Whats the SAT Out Of

What's the SAT Out Of SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Every year nearly 2 million students take the SAT, but what's it out of? I'll answer this question and more in this article. Scoring for the SAT The SAT isout of 1600 points.There aretwo sections Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (Reading and Writing are two tests, but together make up one section). Each section isscored from 200 to 800, so the overall scores range from 400 to 1600. Note that from 2005-2016 the SAT was scored out of 2400 (there were separate Reading and Writing sections with their own scores out of 800). For more on the old score scale and the 2016 redesing, check out ourComplete Guide to the New SAT in 2016. What Should You Do With This Information? You should try to figure out what your target score within this range should be.Don't just aim for a 1600.That is notnecessary for every student.Your target score should be based on what school you hope to attend. Find out that school’s SAT 25th/75th percentile score by searching â€Å"[College Name] SAT† in Google. The 25th percentile score signifies that 25% of accepted applicants score at or below that score. The 75th percentile score means that 75% of accepted applicants score at or below that score (so 25% of applicants scored higher). To have the best chance of being admitted, you should aim for a score at or above the 75th percentile score. For a more in-depth explanation of figuring out what your target score should be, read What is a good SAT score? A bad SAT score? An excellent SAT score?. What’s Next? Trying to raise your SAT score? Check outour ultimate study guide. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Thinking about getting a job while in high school? Check out our guide to the 8 best jobs for teensand learn how to find yours! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Impact of E-Services on Socio-Economic Development in South Africa Research Paper

The Impact of E-Services on Socio-Economic Development in South Africa - Research Paper Example Accessibility to e-services has a high potential to add value to marginalized communities (Heeks, 2010), reduce poverty (Cecchini and Scott, 2003) and spur development. However, accessibility is not enough. Other factors must be put into account when making decisions on information technology developments for optimal benefits to all stakeholders and de-marginalization of marginal groups. E-services have revolutionized the global market to levels never imagined before; however, the true impact has not been quantified since the concept is new and has not been widely adopted, nor has it stabilized. Background The World Bank classifies the economy of South Africa as an upper-middle income economy, being the largest economy in Africa in terms of GDP per capita. However, over a quarter of South Africans are unemployed and a similar number lives on less than 1.25 US dollars per day; it is this population that e-services target most since they are primarily unbanked by the conventional comme rce systems. The economy is an amalgamation of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, though it has shifted in the recent years towards being a tertiary economy, an industry that contributes about 65 percent of GDP (OECD, 2010). Despite the continuous growth of the online industry, the country still lags behind the world’s leading economies in terms of volumes and amounts spent in online transactions. Laws and policies passed and implemented in the recent years have increased access to e-services by the population mainly by increasing competition among service providers, which results in reduced prices for accessing and using e-services. For instance, the Telecoms Amendment Act of 2001 introduced a competing network provider for Telkom, such that for the two to attract and retain customers, they had to reduce the costs of their services (Z-Coms, 2002). Elimination of monopoly was the first step towards liberalization of the telecommunications sector, which was achieved b y the Electronic Communications Act (ECA) of 2005. Finally, the Electronic Communication and Transactions Act of 2002 that was aimed at facilitation of e-transactions, e-governance, and other services introduced reliable and universal access to e-services. Context Cieslikowski et al. (2008) state that the world has seen exponential growth in coverage by mobile networks for both developed and developing countries; hence the impact of use of these devices cannot be ignored. For instance, money transfer services whereby money is sent through a mobile network and collected from a local retail outlet, have changed how the low-income communities transfer their money. Before the introduction of services like these, the poor had little or no access to banking and money transfer services, mainly because of high rates or the location of the banking institution in cities. In this case, ICT enabled the rural folk to have access to services that were previously a preserve of the rich. Further ch anges are expected on migration to digital terrestrial television migration, as digital signal will include all communication services bundled. Therefore, everyone will be able to access services with relative ease, and the government will use these channels to communicate matters on policy and development (Gupta and Shah, 2012). However, for these benefits to be enjoyed by the common citizen,

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Summary - Essay Example In the process of describing his â€Å"coming of age† experiences, he makes a persuasive case for not depriving our children of comics and stories that have an element of violence embedded in them. The article is certainly worth the effort of reading and it did indeed take me back a few years to my own growing up experiences. While one may agree or disagree with the author’s contentions, he certainly provides background research and additional sources to buttress his claims. The larger point that he is trying to convey is that in this age of hyper competition and a world that is essentially ruthless and violent, exposing kids to the real world should be done sooner rather than later. Instead of the teens realizing that the world is not all â€Å"Milk and Honey† through a painful process of coming to terms with the realities, it is better to let them have an inkling of what is in store for them when they become adults by letting them soak in Marvel comics and stories of superheroes that depict the world in Eastman color by their allusions of good vs. evil parables, their stories of exploits of courage and altruism along with patriotism. In conclusion, Jones’ makes valid points though as in real life, the choice as to whether one agrees with him or not, rests with

John F. Kennedy and Hillary Rodham Clinton Essay

John F. Kennedy and Hillary Rodham Clinton - Essay Example Perhaps the most popular statement echoing the core principle of American democracy was spoken by Kennedy himself during his inaugural address: "And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man." (Kennedy) First and foremost, what is democracy The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines it to be "direct participation of the members of a society in deciding on the laws and policies of the society or it may involve the participation of those members in selecting representatives to make the decisions" (Christiano). As such, Kennedy's statement was a call for the active participation of the citizenry. Similarly, one of Clinton's most notable and memorable quotes throughout her political career echoes this same sentiment: "Voting is the most precious right of every citizen, and we have a moral obligation to ensure the integrity of our voting process." (HillaryClintonQuotes) John F. Kennedy, more commonly known as Jack, was not immediately attracted to a life of politics albeit growing up with a highly political family. In a biography by Robert Dallek, Kennedy had been credited for saying, "I never thought at school or college that I would ever run for office myself. . . . I hadn't considered myself a political type, and [it was my brother that] filled all the requirements for political success." (Dallek 117) The Kennedys were rather well known in the arena of politics, and their heritage of Democrats dates back generations. On the other hand, Hillary Rodham Clinton had always been interested in a life of politics. She proclaims, "I was interested in politics from an early age, and I loved to hone my debating skills with my friends. . . I ran for student council and junior class Vice President. I was also an active Young Republican" (Clinton 21). She had indeed begun her political awareness with the influence of her father who was an extremist Republican, but Clinton had eventually developed her own opinions at Wellesley College as she had participated in many political-flavored events. By graduation, she had become a full-fledged Democrat. Though Kennedy had more opportunity to provide service and leadership to the United States because he was elected President, Clinton likewise had her fair share of responsibility as First Lady. It is apparent from their respective stays in the White House, however, that their styles of governance are of different quality. Kennedy was ultimately very anti-communist, while Clinton had subscribed to certain socialist strategies with regard to capitalism. One of the most apparent differences between Clinton and Kennedy is that the latter was loved by most, while Clinton had always been and remains to be controversial in the eyes of many. She is most remembered and criticized for the demeanor with which she had handled her husband's adulterous affair at the Oval Office and her confrontational, no-nonsense attitude. Her political career has been tainted with rumor and gossip. Conversely, it is only admiration and almost veneration that people feel for Kennedy. While Clinton lacks in charm and appeal, Kennedy is

IMC Plan For Milk Management Essay

IMC Plan For Milk Management Essay This project is about the IMC used by the Milk company. It includes the all the promotional tools used by the company for marketing communication. In this we are using different sales and promotion techniques for the sale of our company milk and building a strong image of our company product in the minds of our customers. Special kinds of price discounts , samples are given to the customers and traders for the strong positioning of our product in the market. The name of milk product is the pure milk, and the tagline of our milk product is ‘the real milk of India.† The main objective of our company is to provide better quality to our customers as compared to our competitors and building a good image of our product in the minds of the customers. By providing a better quantity to our customers our company will generate a revenues, which our company would further invest for increasing our product line. In this we it is discussed that what are the different kinds of four Ps of our company . What is the Price of our milk , What are the different kinds of promotional tools used by our company for the sale of our product . Different kinds of strategy are used by our company for increasing revenues from our milk product. At the end estimation of budget is done for knowing the expected expense done by the company for our milk product. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING UNDERSTANDING MARKETING- Before we begin discussing marketing communication, We must take a moment to understand its higher order discipline ,viz, marketing. Marketing is a composite of many activities related to customers need fulfillment and satisfaction. Marketing includes many tasks right from identifying consumers needs and wants to fulfilling them. DEFINITION OF MARKETING- The American Marketing Association defines marketing as the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. For marketing to be effective ,it requires successful coordination of all these activities at different levels in the organization. THE MARKETING MIX Various maketing activities can be classified into four general categories,viz,Product, Price, Place( distribution ) and promotion, which are populary known as the 4Ps of marketing or marketing mix. PRODUCT- This includes all the activities related to the conception and planning of actual product that fulfills consumers needs and wants, i.e, decisions regarding product quality , designs, features , sizes, varieties, brand name, warranty, gurantee and other services. In this project the product is milk. The name of our company is the PURE MILK .Milk is provided in different packages of different sizes i.e,1 kg and half Kg packets. Pice of is 28 Rs and Half Kg product is Rs14. PRICE- This area deals with activities related to setting the price for the product. Decisions regarding retail and wholesale prices, margins of channel members, discounts and allowances, credit terms, payment period , etc. are the part of pricing function of marketing mix. The 1 kg of milk Packet is of Rs. 28 and Half Kg is of Rs 14. PLACE- Placement or distribution refers to all activities involved in getting the product to the final consumers. Decisions under this â€Å"P† relates to the distribution channels, market coverage, locations , inventory, transportation, etc. The main target market of our milk product is the PUNJAB STATE. As the people of Punjab are very health conscious and believe in better quality , So, our companies main target market is the population of Punjab. Our company would sell our milk product to all the retail outlets, Sweet shops, Dairy shops, in all over the Punjab. PROMOTION- Promotion refers to all the activities concerned with informing consumers about an organizations offering , persuading them to buy it, and reminding them it from time to time. Activities like advertising, sales promotion, directing, direct marketing, public relations, personal selling and other conventional media to comprise the â€Å"P† of operations. In promotion of our milk product we will use different kinds of promotional activities like advertising, direct marketing to the consumers and retail outlets. UNDERSTANDING MARKETING COMMUNICATION(PROMOTION) It involves all the activities concerned with effectively communicating Product information to select target audiences. A target audience is a group of consumers to whom marketing communication messages is directed. The prime purpose of communication is congnitive, affective or behavioural response, whatever that desired response may be. In other words, the communicator might want to imprint something in consumers mind(cognitive response), change in attitude(affective response) or get the consumer to act (behavioral response). ADVERTISEMENT OF MILK COMPANY (PURE MILK) The word advertising is derived from its Latin root ‘ad verter† Which means ‘to turn towards† or â€Å"to attract attention to†. DEFINITION OF ADVERTISEMENT- Advertisement is the any paid form of non- personal presentation and promotion of ideas or products by an identified sponser. The main objective of advertisement can be categorized based on whether their goal is to- Inform Persuade Remind Reinforce In our company of milk product , we can use the Brand Building advertising that focus on creating product awareness and brand building image.It is strategic and hence relatively long term in nature. We use the tagline â€Å"pure milk†, â€Å"the real milk of India†. Retail advertisement can also be used by the retailers on the local scale.It is aimed at building store traffic, creating a distinctive image for the store and more often than not, at triggers sales in short run. Retail advertisement is more informational, giving details about the outlets and its offerings. E.G The retail outlets where we sell our milk would put down small notice on their blackboards about our product i.e , it is available there , its prices, it will help in attracting more and more customers. DIRECT MARKETING- We will sell our milk also through direct marketing. Direct marketing is a interactive system of marketing which use one or more advertisement media to effect a measurable response or transaction at any location. The advantage of direct marketing is that in results in quicker sales, better targeting and relationship building and less competition and from this we will come ,more close to our customers. In this case we will come more close to our customers and will get the perception of the customers towards our product. TELEVISIONS- Our company will make a advertisement of our company milk product and telecast it on the T.V. Special kind of creative advertisement is made by the company for creating interest of the customers towards our milk product. The main aim of our television advertisement to aware people about our milk product. INTERNET—As we know in today scenario, Internet is having a special place in the minds of the people. Our company Will also make Our website from which the interested people will get the important information about our product and about the product benefits and quality. The main benefit of Internet communication is that it is directed directly towards the target market . The customers who are interested will easily go through our website and get knowledge about our product. It is totally personalized and up to date mechanism for attracting customers towards our company. Through it customers will also give their experiences and suggestions for our milk product. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SALES AND PROMOTIONS USED BY THE COMPANY DEFINITION OF SALES AND PROMOTION ‘Sales promotion consist of a diverse collection of incentives tools, mostly short term , designed to stimulate quicker and greater purchase of a particular product or services by the consumers or the trade.† Types of sales promotion used by our company- Our company will used different type of sales promotion activities for increasing sales of our product and awaring the customers towards our project.Consumer promotions are those that are directed to the consumers. The objective of consumer promotion is to offer the consumers some added benefit to entice him to buy the product.Ths is normally done in addition to the advertisement. Whereas advertising has a long run effect on the purhase behaviour , connumers promotion have more of a short term effect. SAMPLING- This form of promotion ifs found to be especially useful when one is introducing a product for the first time. Our company will also gives sample to the target customers for checking out their reactions towards our product The samples are either distributed at the retail outlets and residences of the final customers.Our company also request the consumers to fill up a questionnaire after the sample is used and thus are able to get feedback about our product that whether the customers like it or not. But the sampling is however one of the most expensive method of consumer promotion and there is no gurantee that the customers will actually go and buy the sale pack of our product. PRICE OFF This is essentially offers the consumers the product at less than the marked maximum retail price. The purpose of this is to induce the consumer to try our milk product immediately. QUANTITY DEALS- In the quantity deals , our company may provide more quantity in a same price for attracting the customers towards our product. Like our company would increase the quantity at the underlying price of our product. This will helps us in attracting more and more customers towards our milk product. DISCOUNTS- Our company will give discounts to our customers. Like if The customers buy four -five liter milk or more than it or milk in a bulk , we will give them discounts. OUT PRODUCED GIFTS- In this case the gift item is attached to the product from outside. This will attract customers towards our product. Like we will give ONE PLASTIC GLASS free with every 1litre milk packet for attracting customers or increasing our sales. CONSUMERS CONTEST- These are run to create an excitement amongst the target segment. Contest are normally advertised extensively and test more often than not the knowledge of the consumer on the product or some other skills. We will involve the completion of a sentence , which may say that â€Å"I LIKE A PURE MILK BECAUSE OF -â€Å". Prizes for this contest would be very excited for creating interest of the consumers towards it. Different cash prizes, travel allowances will be given to the winners. TRADE PROMOTIONS- Trade promotions are those that are run to elict a better and quicker response from the trade. These can be done when introducing a new product to ensure enhanced stock preceeding a good season , or block a competitor. Trade promotions are normally part of of push strategy , the assumptions here are being that if the trader has a excess stocks bought trade scheme he will be motivated to push the product in order to recover his investment as soon as possible . There are several tools for trade promotions DEALERS GIFTS- For the sake of building a strong image in the minds of the dealers our company will also provide different kinds of dealers gifts and rewards so that they feel motivated and do more hard work for increasing sale of our milk product . If we provide gifts and rewards to our dealers they feel that our company is taking care of them and they are having a great position in our company. Different kinds of travel allowances , gifts, rewards are provided by our company. Special kinds of refrigerator are to be provided by the company for preservation of milk .On the special events like on new year, Diwali, gifts are given to the traders for getting them loyal to our product. DEALER CONTEST- Dealer contest are organized by our company for changing our traders as a loyal traders of the company and motivating them. Special kinds of rewards , gifts are given by the company for the winners. POINT OF SALE MATERIALS- Our company should also provide point of sale material to our dealers and traders. Special kinds of refrigerators, boxes are provided by our company for the better preservation of our milk product in the retail stores, dairy shops and sweet shops. SHOP BOARD PAINTINGS- Special kinds of hoardings, sign boards are fixed on outside and inside the shops, retail stores, dairy shops, sweet shops for attracting more and more customers and providing information to the customers that the product is provided by this particular shop. DEALERS DISCOUNTS —For making our traders more loyal to our company special discounts are arranged by our company. The traders who will purchase our milk product in the bulk or in a continous manner , special discounts are provided by the company to them by the company. DEALERS MEET- Special meetings are arranged by the company for doing meeting with the dealers, traders as they are more closed to the customers and they are having more information about the need, wants of the customers. The meetings are organized after every one and two months for meeting more information about our product and customer perception about our product. INTRODUCING NEW TASTE OF MILK PUREMILK(â€Å"THE REAL MILK OFINDIA†) MADE IN INDIA Manufactured BY- Pure Dairy Milk Company MUMBAI Phone No-12345678 THE IMC PLANNING PROCESS Marketing communication is one of the four tools of marketing mix. Hence, it is based on the strategic laid down in the marketing plan, which in turn is derived from overall business plan. Strategic planning is the process of devising a plan of action for meeting an organization goals with its limited resources and in the wake of varying market conditions. Strategy is allowed an organization to focus on limited sources on the best available opportunities, thereby achieving sales, profits and competitive advantage growth and a sustainable competitive advantage. There are three primary components of a strategic plan- OBJECTIVES- What a company wants to achieve. Objective dictate the course of action to be taken. E.G The main objective of our company is to provide better services to the customers. Our main target market is the retails shops, sweetshops, and dairy shops are there in the Punjab. STRATEGY—A long term plan of action designed to achieve the objectives. The strategy of our company is to expand the market in rural villages and also increase the customers. TACTICS- Immediate actions with resources at hand, short-term isolated events to take advantage of opportunities at hand. E.G— Company will reduce its prices as compared to others competitors. Like the selling price of 1 Kg Milk Product is Rs 24 and Half Kg milk product is Rs. 12. The current price of milk of our competitors are 1 Kg is of Rs 28 and half Kg packet is Rs 14. Our company will also provide discounts to the retailers ,wholesalers if they purchase our product continuously or in the bulk. THE MARKETING PLAN The IMC Planning process begins with the review of marketing plan. A marketing plan is a written document that details the marketing objectives, strategies and tactics foe an organization, product or brand, and guides the marketing efforts. It is based on an in depth understanding of the firms internal and external environment- the industry, the competition, the product current positioning , its customers, etc. THE IMC PLAN- Following are the steps involved in the IMC planning process. SUITATIONAL ANAYSIS- Like the marketing plan , the promotional plan also begins with an analysis of factors that are relevant to Promotional suitation. PAST PROMOTIONAL SITUATION- Review of campaign including their objectives , audiences, strategies, tools, media, and budgets. PRODUCT SITUATION- Our company will analyse that what are products which are present in our product category. Assessment of product benefits, quality, packaging, price, image, availability, features and unique selling points. Like our product is the milk our company is providing better quality milk to our customers as compared to our competitors. Price of product is that 1litre milk packet is of Rs 28 and Half Kg is of Rs 14. Avalibility- Our milk product is available at all the sweet shops, dairy shops and all the retail stores, which are having conditions for protection of milk. IMAGE- Our company have to made a unique image in the minds of our customers. So for this we have to chose features of our product so that our customers would easily remember our product. The mane of our milk product is â€Å"PURE MILK† AND THE TAGLINE OF OUR PRODUCT IS â€Å"THE REAL MILK OF INDIA AUDIENCE SITUATION- An analysis of audience of promotion buyers, influncers, decisions makers their demographic profile and psycographic profiles, behavioural patterns and life styles, factors influencing their products purchase decisions , buying patterns. COMPETITIVE SITUATION- Promotional strategies adopted by direct and indirect competitiors. In our product our main competitors are the other milk companies like Verka, Amul. Through tjis we would analyse that what is the position of our competitors in the market, what are their strengths, weakness, their product, price etc. Regulatory situation- Regulatory authorities governing the product category and media , and rules and regulations of the government which our company has to follow. Like our company has to see that what are the factors which we have to follow for sale of our milk product in the market. Whether we have the get license from the government and have to registered our company to them. Following are the some common area of analysis. A well-known practice for analyzing and summarizing the suitation is called SWOT analysis. STRENGTH Demand profile Absolutely optimistic demand Margins- Quite reasonable, even or packed liquid milk. Flexibilty of Product mix- Tremendous with balancing equipments. Availability of raw material- Abundant more than 80% of the milk products are flowing from the unorganized sector.which requires proper channelisation. Technical margins- Professionally trained -technical human resource manpower is built in our company. WEAKNESS PERISHABILITY- The main weakness of our milk product is its persihability. Special Conditions are required so that our milk cannot get spoiled. Pasteurization has overcome this weakness partially. Surely many new process will follow to improve milk quality and for extending its shelf life. LACK OF CONTROL OVER YIELD- Theortically, there is a little control over the milk yield. However , increased awareness of developments like embryo transplant, artifical insemination and properly managed animal husbandry practices coupled with the higher income to rural milk producers should automatically lead to improve in milk yield. LOGISTICS OF PROCUREMENTS- Because of bad roads and inadequate transportation facility make milk procurement problematic. But overall economic improvement in India, will lead to the improvement in these logistic problems. PROBLEMATIC DISTRIBUTIONS- All is not well with the distribution. There is a need of emergence of a cold chain linking the producer to refrigerator at the consumers home. COMPETITION- Now a days competition is very hard in every field. Our milk company may also face competition because of new entrants in the market.Because of huge competition the market is large is enough for us to carve out their niche market.We will overcome our competitors if we provide better services to our customer than our competitors. OPPTURNITIES FOR OUR COMPANY Failures is never ending final and success never ending VALUE ADDITION- We will add value to our milk products so that customers would buy product and will attract towards our product. Our company will add value added products like shikhand,ice-cream, paneer, khoa, flavoured milk, dairy sweets,etc, this will lead to a greater presence and flexibility in the market place along with oppturnities in the field of brand building. Addition of cultural products like yoghurt and cheese tends to furthet strength both in term of utisation of resouces and presence in the market place. A lateral view opens up oppturnities in milk proteins through casein, caseinates and other dietary products, further opening up . Export Oppturnities—If our product would get position in the market we will expand our market in the foreign countries also. Export oppturnities would be seen for increasing our customers.Our company would generate export potentials like various companies i.s- Amul is expoting their products in foreign countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. Yet another aspect can be addition of infants foods,geriatric fods and nutritional THREATS Milk VENDORS- Today the milk vendors in the unorganized sector are occupying the pride , the place in the industry . Organised discrimination of information about the harm that they are doing to producers and consumers should see steady decline in their importance. Delicensing in the Indian Dairy Industry has been attracting a large number of entrepreneurs . But the success of them depends on the factor such as efficient economic facilities and innovation in the market place. DETERMINE THE PROBLEM OR OPPTURNITIES- The suitation analysis done in step 1 helps us to identify problems or oppturnities concerning communications. IMC plans can solve problems like awareness or knowledge, negative attitude, misconception about our product .I n this case we have to sell our milk product to the customers or have to aware the customers towards our product. DETERMINE COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES- Communication objectives flow marketing objectives. Our company will use different communication media for increasing the awareness of our customers towards our product. Like we can use T.V, radio, print media, hoardings, bill board to aware customers towards our product. The main objective of our different kind of communication media is same- To create awareness of our milk product To increase sale of ur milk product To build a good image of our product in minds of the customers. To provide better qualities to our customers. DETERMINE THE BUDGET After setting the communication objectives, our company has to estimate how much we are willing to spend on the promotional activities. The company has to consider various issues like how much the programme will it cost, how much it can afford how much competitors are spending. Our company can make the budget by analyzing the sales expense or estimating sales in the one territory. The Steps involved in the estimating the budget is as follows. PRODUCT TARGET-The first step in the analysing the budget is to analsye the target market that where we have to sell our product and at which region. Like our company is targeting the State Punjab . Our main target market is the sweet shops, dairy milk shops, retailers of the punjab and population of the Punjab. We have to sell our milk product there so that it would reach to all our customers. Special trade discounts, special offering are provided by our company to our traders, retailers so that feel motivated and helps us in creating awarness our product towards our product. Like special kinds of refigerators and other rewards are given by our company to the retailers, dairy milk shops and sweet shops for preserving our milk . SALES BUDGET OF OUR PRODUCT For getting information about our sale expenese, we estimate the expense occur by our company for selling it in the one small town , Dasuya. For selling our product in the Dasuya city we recruit five sales persons. There name are as follows- Mr. Sohan singh 2Mr. Mandeep Singh Mr. Akash Kumar Mr. Ram Kapoor Mr . Yashdeed We are sending our five people in different regions of Dasuya City.Like one in North Zone, One in south zone , One in East Zone, one in west zone. And one in central zone. The main benefit of sales target is Inreasing market coverage because sales persons are more close to their customers.They know where they have to go , who are their customers, how they have to communicate with their customers. It also controls selling expense and time because sales persons have to know where they have to go and at what time. Wstage of time and mone should be eliminated by this sales territory medium. It will helps in enabling better evaluation of sales force performance. It will customer relationships. Because customers feels that they are more close t company and company is providing better services to them. It helps in increasing sales and increasing profits and revenues of the company. MANAGEMENT OF TERRITORIAL COVERAGE In the travel plan of our company customers we will do sheduling of our sales persons in a straight line manner, because through it all the sales persons start their daily schedule from the headoffice from their they get the information about their daily schedule and went to their assigned places. TIME MANAGEMENT TOOLS- The timing of our sales persons starts from the morning at 9:00 A. M. In the morning they have to come to the office for betting their daily schedule . At 10: 00 A.M they have to start their daily schedule and had to go their assigned places. In the evening at 5:00 P.M they have to get back in the office and had to report the headoffice about their daily schedule , how was their day and how was their experience of the whole day. At 2:00 clock, they are having their lunch for one hour. ESTIMATION OF THE BUDGET ON THE BASIS OF EXPENSE DONE ON ONE TERRITORY Salary of one sales persons in 1 month- Rs.15000 Salary of 5 sales persons- 150000 into 5= Rs 75000 Telephones charges- 1000into 5= Rs 5000 Vehicles Charges 1000 into5 Rs 5000 Daily meals charges-1000 into5= Rs 5000 Advertisement expense on T.V = Rs 90,000 Expense on print media and other Rs. 3,00,000 Medias like radio, internet= Raw materials Expenses = Rs. 5,00,00 Other Miscellaneous expenses= Rs .15,00,000 Total expense = Rs. 24,95,000 IMPEMENTATION OF THE PLAN- After making all this IMC plan we will Implement our planning for getting results and introducing our product in the market. Different kinds of communication tools are used by our company , for getting revenues and building a strong image of our product in the market. MONITOR/EVALUTION OF PERFORMANCE- After implementing, the whole IMC plan, we will evaluate our company performance to measure the expected results with the actual result and find whether our company IMC plan was able to build a strong image of our product. Different kinds of surveys, are conducted by our expertise to check the process of our IMC and monitoring the impact of IMC on the market and consumers mind. CONCLUSION From all the above information it is cleared that IMC is a very important aspect in introducing our product in the market and getting a strong position for our product. The tools of IMC like advertisements, direct marketing are helpful for our company for establishing a strong position in the minds of the customers and IMC provide assistance for the company for achieving their goals and objectives. These are the ways for fulfilling our objectives and provides us a path for fulfilling our objectives. By choosing different types of tools we convince our customers and attract our consumers towards our product a, and as a result of which we generate lots of revenues. BIBLOGRAPHY- http:/marketing about.com/ad/marketing glossary www the free dictionary.com/milk. www scrub com/doc/17660303/nestle-imc -plan. http freedictionary.com/milk/4540. www.imcplanning.comp.india.com www//marketing.about.comp//marketingglosary//imc.htm www.exampleessay.com.html drypen.in//salespromotion//sale tech.com BOOEK REFERRED- Sales And Promotion